Generates a SSH key-pair. Make sure you have ssh-keygen (try $ ssh-keygen if you aren't sure) npm package install; npm install ssh-keygen OR download from github and place in./nodemodules. Ssh-keygen can create RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 1 and RSA or DSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 2. The type of key to be generated is specified with the - t option. If invoked without any arguments, ssh-keygen will generate an RSA key for use in SSH protocol 2 connections.
PKIX-SSH
secure shell with
X.509 v3 certificate support
Content:
- Downloads(on other page)
News:
- Bugs:
- built-in chacha20-poly1305 for OpenSSL 1.1.0*
For OpenSSL 1.1.0* releases use slow built-in chacha20-poly1305 due to regression in EVP_CipherInit(). Although regression is fixed officially in OpenSSL 1.1.0g exclude all to avoid issue with vendor releases. - fixes for include directive in daemon configuration
Properly process Port and Match directive. - fix 'TIME FORMATS' with multiple qualifiers
Fix multiplier in convtime() when handling seconds after other units - preserve group/world read permission on known hosts file
Runs of 'ssh-keygen -Rf /path' keep permission instead to remove all rights for group/other as before. - fix off-by-one error in sftp client
Caused sftp downloads to make one more concurrent request that desired.
- built-in chacha20-poly1305 for OpenSSL 1.1.0*
- Security:
- in 'remote copy program' (scp) send single error message to avoid desynchronisation
- Features:
- enhance and unify token expansion in client options and properly document used tokens
- allows IgnoreRhosts to be used anywhere in server configuration
- make daemon option IgnoreRhosts a tri-state option
- allows list of agent-keys to print X.509 identity in public key format instead certificate distinguished name: ssh-add -L -k
- add sftp flag that re-enable verbose output in batch mode
- add textual representation for some common PKCS#11 errors
- use EVP_chacha20 from cryptographic library (ignored for broken LibreSSL)
- run the 2nd ssh with BatchMode for scp -3
- environment variable for engine configuration file: SSH_ENGINE_CONF
- load default dsa identity last
- Bugs:
- postpone build of certificate chain for agent keys: correction for keys used with RFC6187 algorithms if IdentityFile is set
- properly limit pkcs#11 provider keys when option IdentitiesOnly is set
- ensure that tunnel forwarding failures terminate the connection when ExitOnForwardFailure is enabled
- document order of authorized keys: files are first and falling back to command
- some clarifications in manual pages
- enable 'explicit routing domain' daemon option only if supported by platform
- prepend bindir to 'USER_PATH' found by configure script
- disable use of completely broken 'visually encode characters' functions
- Miscellaneous:
- precise environment section in manual pages
- clarify and document use of ssh-askpass in manual pages
- miscellaneous portability fixes
- refactor program code for load, serialisation and deserialisation of keys
- correct spelling in manual pages, documents and code
- forward compatibility with OpenSSL library: use only EVP_PKEY interface, avoid use of deprecated API
- exclude ldap test from default list
- check if SA_RESTART signals will interrupt select
- Bugs:
- X.509 based host-keys validation
Regression was not fixed properly in previous release. Now result of X.509 based host-keys validation is checked properly. - cancellation of remote forwarding
Correct uninitialised pointer variables in cancellation of remote forwarding from local side. - if load of pkcs#11 fail
Initialise label variable to avoid failure if load of pkcs#11 fail. - parse error in service request
Properly exit in service request parse errors. - sshd_config includes
Correct relative includes in daemon configuration.
- X.509 based host-keys validation
- Miscellaneous:
- force use of 'askpass' on Android
On Android force use of 'askpass' if environment variable SSH_ASKPASS is set. Note environment variable DISPLAY is ignored. - use of 'askpass'
Remove spurious check for environment variable DISPLAY when use of 'askpass' is requested. - ask for hostkey update
Ask for hostkey update is unified with other permission requests. All of them may use 'ask-pass' for confirmation. - manual pages
Correct spelling errors in key utility page. Merge environment section is agent page. - some improvements for Android
- force use of 'askpass' on Android
- Bugs:
- use X.509 host-key algorithms as well
Restore use of all supported algorithms when client build host-key algorithm list for key exchange message. Regression introduced in release 12.4.
Note that client reorder algorithms preferences based on known host files. This functionality is disabled if client option HostKeyAlgorithms starts with '^'. If this case algorithms from option take precedence. - validation of X.509 based host-keys
Unexpected loss of functionality in PKIS-SSH 11.3 due to code refactor. Unlike before restored verification and validation of X.509 based host-keys is performed before authorisation by known host.
- use X.509 host-key algorithms as well
- Miscellaneous:
- prevent ProxyJump loops
Detect and prevent simple configuration loops when using ProxyJump.
- prevent ProxyJump loops
- Bugs:
- compatibility with OpenSSH 7.2
OpenSSH 7.2 is yet another release that announce broken list with supported algorithms. Ignoring announced list allows use of non-RA keys. - included OpenSSH release
OpenSSH release source with old version. Now PKIX-SSH announce compatibility with OpenSSH_8.2.
- compatibility with OpenSSH 7.2
- Miscellaneous:
- simplify spec-files
Provided sample spec-files exclude from default FIPS and LDAP enable builds. Those features has to be enabled per OS release.
- simplify spec-files
- Features:
- multiple daemon configuration files
New daemon configuration directive 'Include' allows inclusion of files. - ask-pass hints
Now ask-pass uses hints: confirmation in addition to prompt, none is reserved for notifications. Depending of hint ask-pass creates suitable dialog. - notification 'Exceeded MaxStartups'
Send a notification 'Exceeded MaxStartups' prior to the SSH2 protocol banner when clients get denied by MaxStartups. - no X.509 store in agent
Revert X.509 store from agent utilities, i.e. remove ssh-add(1) option '-S'. - paths in ForwardAgent
Client option ForwardAgent accepts path or name of environment variable in which to find the path in addition to yes/no
- multiple daemon configuration files
- Miscellaneous:
- improved manual pages
- improved OS portability
- crypto library compatibility
- allow more system calls in seccomp sandbox
- download PKCS#11 public key labels as comments
- build without compression support - configure time option
- startups in the process title
Expose the number of currently authenticating connections along with the MaxStartups limit in the process title - replace single-letter key generator 'moduli' flags with options
- use signal wrapper around sigaction(2)
- Features:
- store identities(keys) in PKCS#8 PEM format and use aes256 algorithm
- fetch pkcs#11 RSA/EC public key
Fetch public key if X.509 certificate was not found and in absence of keys try interactive login and fetch again. - process the verbose flag when searching for host keys in known hosts
Command 'ssh-keygen -F host -l -v' will print random-art of host public key. - allow %n to be expanded in ProxyCommand strings
- print explicit 'not modified' message
If a file was requested for resumed sftp download but was considered already complete. - better error messages for 'bits' limit in key generation
- limit number of parse permiopen/permitlisten directives on a single line
- allow prepending default set of algorithms by starting the list with the '^' character
- Bugs:
- build fixes: function prototypes, compatibility functions
- make move right to the closest end of a word in sftp
- properly support OpenSSL error management functionality
- clean again set of signal handlers inside handlers(it is expected current system to has reliable signals)
- Miscellaneous:
- deny shmdt in 'preauth' unprivileged child in secure computing mode
Resolves fatal on some Linux OS distributions with 3.* kernel using OpenSSL version 1.1.1d. - on Solaris remove PRIV_PROC_SESSION
Privilege which was limiting ability to send signal SIGWINCH to other(multiplexed) sessions. - retain Solaris PRIV_FILE_LINK_ANY in sftp-server
It is required for the legacy sftp rename operation. - allow mprotect(2) with PROT_(READ|WRITE|NONE) only
Allow in secure computing mode as is used by some hardened heap allocators. - allows s390-specific ioctl for ECC hardware support
(in secure computing mode) - add sendfd to pledge(2)
Note that later in same code path pledge restriction is reduces. - unify checks for function return value
Some are checked for negative value while other exactly for -1. - on OS X use proc_pidinfo()-based closefrom()
- supports build with OpenSSL master branch even with enabled API deprecation
- change level of PKCS#11 message 'provider returned no slots' from error to debug
- fix some memory leaks, mostly in error path
- separate regression test targets
- restrict regression test to keys supported by executable
- fix integer overflow in experimental XMSS private key
Note XMSS is not enabled by default. - 'key shielding' feature
Not enabled by default as key stored on secure device has better protection.
- deny shmdt in 'preauth' unprivileged child in secure computing mode
Ssh-keygen-g3
- Features:
- prepared for packaging of executable into android application 'library directory'
Added extra integration between executable and Adndroid application. Note Android 10 SELinux rules forbid execution if binary is in writable directory. - wrap rename for Android
Required by ssh-keygen -A to work. - sftp manual page and usage updates
For get/put and reget/reput command use 'p' and 'R' as arguments. Keep 'P' and 'r' as redundant/deprecated flag. Add the -f flag to reput and reget.
- prepared for packaging of executable into android application 'library directory'
- Bugs:
- rewrite sftp progress meter to avoid garbage output
Also ensure that it works on narrow terminals.
- rewrite sftp progress meter to avoid garbage output
- Security:
- ensure that X.509 key is validated if is used key is authorized by command and if validation is not first
Work-around is to set daemon option ValidateFirst to yes if configuration uses authorized keys command.
- ensure that X.509 key is validated if is used key is authorized by command and if validation is not first
- Features:
- added algorithm x509v3-rsa2048-sha256 (RFC 6187)
For compatibility reasons is not used by default yet. It use could be forced with respective options that control used algorithms. - export more android properties to child session
Added ANDROID_STORAGE, ANDROID_RUNTIME_ROOT, ANDROID_TZDATA_ROOT and SYSTEMSERVERCLASSPATH - when signing custom certificates with an RSA key, default to using the rsa-sha2-256 signature format
Custom certificates signed by RSA keys will therefore be incompatible with PKIX-SSH < 8.8 or OpenSSH < 7.2 unless the default is overridden. - allow to test daemon configuration containing match directive without to specify connection parameters
Assume any attribute not provided by -C does not match. - check for user@host when parsing sftp target
This allows user@[1.2.3.4] to work without a path in addition to with one.
- added algorithm x509v3-rsa2048-sha256 (RFC 6187)
- Bugs:
- restore support pkcs#11 provided X.509 keys in agent
Regression in 12.0 release - no-op implementation of pam_putenv
Some platforms such as HP-UX do not have pam_putenv.
- restore support pkcs#11 provided X.509 keys in agent
- Miscellaneous:
- check authorization files first before authorized keys command
- improve experimental implementation for ldap X.509 lookup based on OpenSSL STORE API
- fixed some memory leaks
- improved some debug messages
- finalize removal of obsolete 'X.509 key type' items from ssh key-type enumerate and related
- check authorization files first before authorized keys command
- Bugs:
- 'carriage return' in 'protocol identification string'
Relax missing 'carriage return' in 'protocol identification string'. Even today, more than 10 years after RFC4253, some implementation still fail to send 'Carriage Return'(CR) before 'Line Feed'(LF) in protocol version identification string. - size of RSA key
Document new default RSA key size in 'keygen' manual page. - STREAMS modules
Do not install duplicate STREAMS modules on Solaris.
- 'carriage return' in 'protocol identification string'
- Miscellaneous:
- rpm-build specification
Sample rpm-build specification for Redhat and SUSE. Now 'spec'-files are used mainly for regression tests. - exclude multiplex from regular regression test
Test fail regularly on medium loaded system. It could be requested explicitly. - ldap backend in tests
Allow ldap backend settings to be overridden from environment. Also module directory could be specified to load dynamic backend module.
- rpm-build specification
- Features:
- increase the default RSA key size to 3072 bits.
Follows NIST Special Publication 800-57's guidance for a 128-bit equivalent symmetric security level. - new sftp extension 'lsetstat@openssh.com'
Support SFTP extension 'lsetstat@openssh.com' that replicates the functionality of the existing SSH_FXP_SETSTAT operation but does not follow symbolic-links. Activated by '-h' argument to sftp command chgrp, chmod and chown. - pseudo localization on Android
Allows file transfer program to display file name with UTF-8 character instead octal escape sequence. - 'final' criteria for keyword Match
Enhance Match keyword in client configuration with 'final' criteria - it matches in same pass as 'canonical' but doesn't require enabled hostname canonicalization. - usability of agent keys
Test whether keys in an agent are usable - new ssh-add option '-T' that performs a signature and a verification with agent-key that match specified public part. - option '-J' for file transfer command
New file transfer command (scp and sftp) option '-J' as alias to match with client configuration Proxyjump. None that local configuration is not used for Proxyjump host. - log more connection drops
Log connection drop for attempt to run a command when ForceCommand=internal-sftp is in effect. - new KEX method 'sntrup4591761x25519-sha512@tinyssh.org'
Experimental post-quantum cryptography key exchange method sntrup4591761x25519-sha512@tinyssh.org enabled only compilation time. Method is based on 'Streamlined NTRU Prime 4591^761' and X25519. - exclude KEX 'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1'
Remove key exchange method 'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1' from client defaults. - do not use 'PKCS11Provider'
Allow 'none' argument for client option 'PKCS11Provider' to indicate that no provider should be used. Note 'none' is default. - 'keyscan' exit status
Command 'keyscan' returns a non-zero exit status if no keys were found.
- increase the default RSA key size to 3072 bits.
- Bugs:
- calculate bandwidth limits
Fixed calculation of initial bandwidth limits in file transfer commands. - management of 'ext-info-c' extension
Daemon consider the 'ext-info-c' extension only during the initial key exchange. - fixed a number of memory leaks.
- file name match in secure copy
On local side secure copy tool performs simple match that files send from remote match request. This mitigate weakness in the tool and protocol (CVE-2019-6111). Note that remote and local could perform different wildcard expansion. For this reason command argument '-T' disables client side verification at the risk hostile remote to create or replace unexpectedly local files with attacker-controlled content. Note that recommended mitigation of scp protocol issue is for file transfer to use more modern protocols like sftp and and rsync instead. - SIGPIPE and child process
Avoids sending SIGPIPE to child processes after their parent exits if they attempt to write to standard error stream. - no duplicate 'keepalives'
Prevents sending two 'keepalives' successively and prematurely terminating connection when ClientAliveInterval is used in server configuration. - avoid connection close
Correct interaction between server options ClientAliveInterval and RekeyLimit that could lead to incorrect connection close. - authentication failures due to option override
Correct authentication failures when 'any' argument of server option 'AuthenticationMethods' used in a Match block overrides a more restrictive global. - no redirection to /dev/null
Prevent client to redirect standard output stream to /dev/null if is used 'ProxyCommand=-'. - race conditions in daemon restart
Correct two race conditions related to SIGHUP daemon restart. - strict protocol banners
Strict processing of protocol banners, allowing r characters only immediately before n. - timeout management
Correct interaction between the client options ConnectTimeout and ConnectionAttempts - connection attempts after the first were ignoring the requested timeout.
- calculate bandwidth limits
- Miscellaneous:
- obsolete host/port syntax
Remove support for obsolete host/port syntax from daemon configuration (slash notation from ListenAddress and PermitOpen). For IPv6 users there are standards like [::1]:22. - Android compatibility
Many improvements for Android that ensure better cross-version compatibility. - use of global variables
Minimize use of global variables, either by us of connection or other structures, or make them static. - Refactor 'packet' related code to use new-API
- Refactor 'KEX' code
- Refactor 'LDAP' code
Also prepare it for use by upcoming X.509 lookup based on OpenSSL Store API. - Refactor 'pkcs#11' code
This includes support for verbose mode in ssh-add command and pkcs11-helper. - improvements for Cygwin
configurable service name; case-insensitive user/group matching; run under SYSTEM again and create user token using S4U with failback NtCreateToken if not supported. - fingerprint as a synonym for 'yes'
Client accepts host-key fingerprint as a synonym for 'yes' when accepting an unknown host-key. - PAM environment
Do not export $MAIL to PAM environment. - support upcoming OpenSSL 3.0
Ensure builds with current OpenSSL master branch(future 3.0.0). - RUN-PATH configuration
Configuration options --with-rpath accepts argument in addition to 'yes'/'no'. - minimize key-type enumeration values
Stop to use custom key-type enumeration values for keys with X.509 certificates. - file name display in secure copy
In secure copy tool sanitize file names in progress meter to allow UTF-8 characters without terminal control sequences.
- obsolete host/port syntax
- improved compatibility with OpenSSL 1.1+ APIs
Code base is updated to use methods compatible with recent OpenSSL API. Also update replace references to SSLeay*. This allows build with OpenSSL that deprecate backward compatibility API.
Note PKIX-SSH requires as minimum OpenSSL 0.9.7 and in this release completely removes test and work-around for earlier version. - remote exit on signal
Client process 'exit-signal' received from server in ssh channel message and exits with code 'signal number'+128, i.e. in shell style. Remark: message is send by server when remote is killed by signal. - lazy binding
Prefer to use lazy binding when is loaded pkcs11 module. - echo of sftp commands
Prefix @ suppress echo of sftp batch commands. - expose $SSH_CONNECTION
Now daemon(server) exposes $SSH_CONNECTION in the PAM environment. - Support new OpenSSL version scheme
Next OpenSSL version will be 3.0.0. It introduces new version scheme currently available in master branch. This PKIX-SSH release is ready to use modern OpenSSL version scheme. - android port - fake password
Fixed issue with use of function getenv - prevents crash on 64-bit Android OS-es. - android port - session user environment
Fixed issue when is prepared specific to Android environment for user session. Regression introduced in 11.4 release. - ssh-agent socket
Fixed bug in client that was keeping a redundant ssh-agent socket around for the life of the connection.
- Client verbose modes
Increase client verbose modes by one. Now client 'verbose mode' starts from LogLevel 'VERBOSE'. At this level client outputs messages for offered keys.
Exiting scripts could be updated with one '-v' more to reach the same level of details as before. - Client query argument 'key-alg'
This new argument to client query option (-Q) list all supported public key algorithms. - Client option ForwardX11Timeout with zero argument
Zero value for client option ForwardX11Timeout disables the timeout and permit X11 forwarding for the life of the connection. - Enhancement of client option Port
Port could be expressed either by number or by service name, i.e. Port=ssh. - Server support 'signal' channel request
Signal are accepted only for session that is not subsystem and is not started with a forced command. - Translation on OpenSSL errors
Translation of OpenSSL error codes after failed read of private key is reverted. Now all cases are treated as 'invalid password' as before version 11.0.
Remark: In some cases invalid password could 'decode' key to garbage. 'Error translation' returns invalid format and system refuse to use this key. Expected is system to ask for password again up to certain limit.
In addition removed code relies on OpenSSL internal error management which is subject of modifications without notice, i.e. not reliable. - Removed GCC Spectre mitigation flags
Now configuration excludes GCC flags '-mfunction-return=thunk' and '-mindirect-branch=thunk' from hardening. Options could cause miscompilation due to some GCC bugs. And on Linux retpolines are more suitable for kernel then userspace. - logging
Various messages are changed to include error information from cryptographic library. Some messages related to keys or channels are unified and enhanced. - memory leaks and optimizations
Key creation is optimized to minimize memory allocations due to use of OpenSSL 1.1 API. Memory leaks in process of key load or x.509 load from ldap are fixed. - cross-compilation
Configuration checks for snprintf functionality now use 'cache' variables. This allows in case of cross-compilation user to specify faulty behaviour and so programs to use functions from 'compat'-library instead broken system ones. Ditto for setresuid and setresgid.
- IPQoS defaults
Change defaults IPQoS in client and daemon to DSCP(differentiated services code point):- AF21: for interactive and
- CS1: for bulk traffic
- ssh-askpass alternatives
Update information for ssh-askpass alternatives. Also added shell script that wraps KDialog.
- limit agent connections
Authentication agent postpone accepting new connections when maximum number of file descriptor is exceeded.
- algorithms for keyscan
Command keyscan uses -t argument as algorithm filter (pattern-list).
- SendEnv arguments
Use pattern-list for client option SendEnv. Note option allows negated match.
- new option SetEnv
New client and daemon option SetEnv. Processing of user environment settings in daemon is updated do not allow user to override server settings.
- PermitUserEnvironment arguments
Daemon option PermitUserEnvironment accepts in addition a pattern-list of 'white-listed' environment variable names.
- new option PermitListen
New daemon option PermitListen that controls client requests for remote forwarding (ssh -R).
- expansion of user id
User id is available as a %-expansion everywhere that the user name is available currently (%i for client and %U for daemon).
- keysign use
Hostbased authentication always uses ssh-keysign. This avoids one of reasons for 'setuid' root client.
- no 'setuid' client
Removed support for running client 'setuid'. Also deprecate client option UsePrivilegedPort.
- without 'S/Key'
Removed support for 'S/Key' authentication
- private key formats
'ssh-keygen' command option -m PEM with -p flag could be used to convert private keys in widely used and more portable PEM format.
Not applicable for ed25519 keys yet. Those keys still use proprietary format.
- restore tun/tap functionality
Functionality on tun/tap interface is restored for Linux and FreeBSD. It was broken in 11.3 with an enhancement that shows device name if applicable. - restore client hostbased authentication
It was broken in 11.3 when is excluded from keysign default key for experimental xmss algorithm. - build fixes
Added some fixes from master branch, i.e. fixed build on system without function strndup() like AIX and more robust configuration checks that avoid implicit declaration of functions. - configuration
Client configuration does not offer cbc-ciphers by default and dump a couple of missed options.
- public source repository
After release 11.3.1 development process is switched to source code repository hosted by GitLab. On 9 Apr 2018 repository was initialized with source of 11.3.1. It is available for public use - for more see repository home page.
- build fixes
Fixed build on Darwin (tun support) and detection of ABI for 64-bit MIPS platforms.
- re-authentication for keys stored into security tokens
Private key stored on a security token may have attribute 'always authenticate'. If attribute is set user have to supply pin for each use of key.
To distinguish from normal(user) login re-authentication prompt starts with string 'Enter context pin for ' followed by single quoted label of key.
Remark: User must have working askpass program if keys are loaded to agent (ssh-add . -s pkcs11_module .). - new server flag 'ValidateFirst'
Specifies whether first to perform validation of X.509 certificate and then authorization of public key. By default is not set, i.e. existing behavior. - new keyscan option: -D
Print keys found as DNS Resource Records (CERT or SSHFP). - raise key operation errors in openssl error-format
Some methods are used in key operations like pkcs#11 sign. Those methods are invoked indirectly by cryptography library. Before update errors from pkcs#11 library was spread into multiple log-messages and was not clear which error is failure reason for key operation.
Now this part of program code is rewritten to raise errors in openssl error-format with additional details. The high level methods are updated to extract extra error data supplied with error message. For instance if sign operation fail in log user may see message like this one: 'ssh_x509_sign: crypto message: error:81064067:SSH PKCS#11:login:C_Login fail:pkcs#11 result 0xa0'. In this particular sample 'pkcs#11 result 0xa0' is extra error details and hexadecimal 0xa0 correspond to return value CKR_PIN_INCORRECT. - improve support for 'external' rfc6187 keys
Build X.509 certificate chain for keys loaded from pkcs#11 device or engine. - try also en_US.UTF-8 locale
Some command (ssh, sftp, scp and etc.) try to switch to UTF-8 based user locale. The list with fail-back locales is added en_US.UTF-8 supported on some Unixes, for instance Solaris.
- X.509 name compare error
Authorized keys or know host files may contain record (line) with X.509 certificate details (distinguished name or X.509 certificate blob, aka. public key). In such case if key (client or host) is a X.509 key, equality checks compare items of certificate distinguished name. Unfortunately in PKIX-SSH 9.1 one of ports to OpenSSL 1.1.0* introduce critical error in X.509 name compare method - if both items are from PrintableString type they are considered equal. Error does not exist if other types are compared.
Work-around is authorized keys or know hosts to contain only plain public key blob. Thus compare will use public key part of X.509 certificate.
Thanks to Nicolas Fournil and Emmanuel Deloget for report. - use of hostname after free
For use in session key renegotiation process host name is stored into a global variable!!! PKIX-SSH 8.9 has a number of memory leak fixes. One of fixes frees allocated copy of host-name created in method ssh_login. Issue is that one of called methods store value to a global variable for later user in rekeying.
Work-around around is do not use option RekeyLimit.
Thanks to Lukas Kuster for report. - build with libressl
PKIX-SSH 11.0 start to use macro DEFINE_STACK_OF from OpenSSL 1.1.0* API. Program code provides fail-back solution for builds with earlier versions. LibreSSL pretend to be compatible with OpenSSL but fail to announce properly compatibility version. As result fail-back solution was not activated and build fail. Detection of DEFINE_STACK_OF is rewritten to allows build with various LibreSSL versions. - key load crash if crypto is libressl 2.6*
For performance reasons PKIX-SSH uses BIO_new_mem_buf - BIO interfaces with read only memory buffer that avoid extra allocation of memory. Due to mix of issues - insufficient libressl linkage options and broken function implementation inherited from OpenSSH (openbsd 'compat'-library) PKIX-SSH commands crash on key load.
Now broken function in corrected in PKIX-SSH code but application is not immune to similar failures in the future even with earlier version of libressl. - libressl 2.6* failure with DSA/ECDSA signature
At configure time PKIX-SSH warns if build is with libressl 2.6*. Also commands raise warning at run-time if are linked with libressl 2.6*.
Work-around is to use earlier versions. If this is not possible please disable all key algorithms that use dsa and ecdsa signature, otherwise application may crash. - legacy RSA/DSA code clean up
PKIX-SSH 7.1 (15 Jan 2012) was first release that support FIPS enabled OpenSSL library. Support requires rsa/dsa code for plain-keys to use modern 'EVP'-API. FIPS support remain outdated OpenSSH code for rsa/dsa sign and verify operations was still available under 'C'-preprocessor conditions.
So more the five years later outdated code, inherited from OpenSSH, is removed from PKIX-SSH code base. - legacy PKCS#11 code clean up
Code inherited from OpenSSH is removed - it does not work well with secure tokens that has X.509 certificate. Also it has limited functionality - only RSA keys.
Note that PKIX-SSH code supports RSA and EC keys and work well with secure tokens as those devices usually store X.509 certificate and public key is optional.
- Protected authentication path for EC-keys
Use of RSA keys stored on a secure token supports protected authentication path (pinpad reader). Unfortunately functionality was not implemented for EC-keys. With refactoring PKCS#11 login functionality protected authentication path is available for EC-keys as well. - print public key for externally stored identities
Now ssh-keygen command option -y, that print an public key to stdout, accepts keyfile name in enhanced identity format.
Remark: PKIX-SSH could use externally stored identities - for mode details see description of IdentityFile in manual page ssh_config(5). In brief if identity name start with 'engine:' instead from file identity load is redirected to 'loadable cryptographic module' (engine). Prefix 'store:' could be used if cryptographic library supports ossl_store(7) functionality (upcoming OpenSSL functionality). - build fixes
Build system is modernized to use more recent scripts. Also duplicate dependency objects or libraries are removed.
- Extension server-sig-algs
As finally agreed in 'draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-ext-info' extension lists public-key algorithm names instead signature names.
No impact on deployed installations as PKIX-SSH prefer own extension publickey-algorithms@roumenpetrov.info that lists by design public-key algorithm. Other ssh implementation that support extensions does not support RFC 6187 keys. As result for them list of signature algorithms is same as list of public-key algorithm. - prefer RFC 6187 key format
For connection to remove host client first tries X.509 algorithms. Now algorithm in RFC 6187 format will take precedence of legacy format, if server send algorithm extension. With other words order of algorithms in option X509KeyAlgorithm has no more effect. In practice PKIX-SSH 11.0+ clients (in default configuration) will prefer RFC 6187 format in connections to PKIX-SSH 10.1+ hosts.
Note that to use an X.509 algorithm in has to be allowed by configuration (option PubkeyAlgorithms) and listed in algorithm extension offered by server. - multi-algorithm host-keys
Now daemon (server) for each hostkey offers all public key algorithms and could use any of offered algorithms in ssh protocol. For instance RSA host key with X.509 certificate could be used in following public-key algorithms: 'x509v3-sign-rsa', 'x509v3-ssh-rsa', 'ssh-rsa', 'rsa-sha2-256' or 'rsa-sha2-512'.
Host key notification is updated as well. - OpenSSL Store-API
Upcoming OpenSSL version 1.1.1 supports store retrieval functions - ref. manual page ossl_store(7). The store functionality allows applications to retrieve keys, X.509 certificates and etc. using universal interface (API).
PKIX-SSH engine related code is refactored and updated to load identities using store-API. In such case identify name should starts with 'store:' followed by URI of scheme supported by openssl store. For instance with 'e_nss' openssl loadable module (engine) you use identity named either 'engine:[friendly name]' for custom interface or 'store:[nss_uri]' for store interface where '[nss_uri]' is in format 'nss:[friendly name]'.
Note store result could be tested with command openssl storeutl . [nss_uri]. - Remove ssh v1
Complete remove of code that supports legacy ssh protocol verision 1. Modification includes removal of configure option --enable-ssh1 as well. - Program version for ssh-keyscan
Announce PKIX-SSH version in keyscan to be used in compatibility detection. - X.509 key fingerprint
Until now fingerprint (hash) of X.509 keys was computed over certificate that match private key.
Key material (user identity or host key) could be used in various public-key algorithms, with or without X.509 certificate. For instance lets identity with X.509 RSA certificate is used as x509v3-sign-rsa in session to host 1 and as ssh-rsa in connection to host 2. In such case key fingerprint will be different depending of session in spite of fact that private key is one and the same.
To avoid ambiguities code is updated to calculate fingerprint only over common part - public key. Modification may impact some programs that monitor log files. - X.509 code refactoring
X.509 related code is updated and refactored to use library like functions. - Management of X.509 keys for agent
Agent code is improved to use newly functions that better detect X.509 keys. Now agent and its key management utility (ssh-add) use by default user and system ca-store in all cases. This is useful for keys in RFC 6187 format where key format contain list of extra certificates used to build chain. Utility ssh-add accepts multiple arguments for options -S as specified options argument could be either file or directory (new). Argument is similar to client options CACertificateFile and CACertificatePath and is used as additional locations to search for certificate when is build chain for keys in RFC 6187 format. - Manual pages
Precise content of identity or host-keys files - file may contain extra certificates not only for ECDSA but for RSA and DSA keys as well.
Do not mention 'protocol version 2' as legacy version 1 is not supported at all.
Support:
- Issue tracking
Development process is public hosted on GitLab. For mode details see project repository page. From project page you could monitor development process, propose enhancement or just report an issue. - Mailing list
Project supports mailing list where you could share ideas, discuss your problems, receive project news and etc. The list is moderated, i.e. available only for list members. For more information about list (subscription, list archives) please visit this page.
Features(valid for latest version):
- X.509 certificate based public-key algorithms:
- x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
- x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
- x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
- x509v3-sign-rsa
- x509v3-ssh-rsa
- x509v3-rsa2048-sha256
- x509v3-sign-dss
- x509v3-ssh-dss
- different 'x509v3-sign-rsa' signatures
As support for SHA-1 and MD5 signature format PKIX-SSH is interoperable with implementations from multiple vendors. Both formats are supported because 'SSH Transport Layer Protocol' internet drafts does not specify signature format in case of X.509 certificate for RSA key. - different packing of 'x509v3-sign-dss' signature
PKIX-SSH is interoperable with implementations from multiple vendors. It support DSA signatures packed in format as is described in [RFC2459] and 'dss_signature_blob' format as is specified in 'SecSH Transport' draft and [RFC4253].
Note 'SSH Transport Layer Protocol' internet draft before version 12 specify 'x509v3-sign-dss' public key algorithm to use signature format as is described in [RFC2459], i.e. r and s packed in ASN.1 SEQUENCE. Some vendors pack DSA signature values in 'dss_signature_blob' as is specified in 'SecSH transport' draft for 'ssh-dss' signature. - use key and certificate stored in 'external devices'
Implementation requires working OpenSSL engine. The identity used in client authentication could refer to external key and/or certificate in format engine:[ENGINE_NAME]:[CERT_CRITERIA], where [ENGINE_NAME] is name of OpenSSL engine and [CERT_CRITERIA] is specific to engine search criteria to find the key and certicate.
For instance you could use 'friendly name' to access key and certificate stored in 'Network Security Services (NSS)' database with e_nss engine from https://roumenpetrov.info/e_nss/. NSS s used in programs(web-browser. e-mail client) like Firefox, SeaMonkey, Thunderbird. - 'PKCS#11'module
As second option PKIX-SSH could use PKCS#11 shared library(module) to communicate with EC or RSA X.509 certificates and private key provided by PKCS#11 tokens.
- Key based only public-key algorithms:
- ssh-rsa
- rsa-sha2-256
- rsa-sha2-512
- ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
- ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
- ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
- ssh-ed25519
- ssh-dss
- verification (default feature)
By default server(sshd) and clients(ssh,scp,sftp) always verify signatures and validity of certificates in chain when a X.509 certificate based public-key algorithm is used in authentication process. When verification fail that public-key is disallowed.
In additional client is able to verify remote key using DNS with CERT RR (resource record). - validation
- CRL (default feature)
When a X.509 certificate is used in authentication, server and client always verify signatures and validity of existing CRLs issued by authorities in certificate chain. Certificate is allowed only when no one of certificates in the chain is revoked. - OCSP (default feature)
Additional validation is performed when PKIX-SSH is configured to use OCSP and a X.509 certificate is used in authentication.
- CRL (default feature)
- CERT RR
ssh can verify host identification using CERT Resource Record published in DNS. - PKIX-SSH Agent (ssh-agent and ssh-add programs)
Authentication agent can hold X.509 certificates. - ssh-keyscan
This tools can gather all above listed public-key algorithms including those with X.509 certificate as host key:- x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
- x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
- x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
- x509v3-sign-rsa
- x509v3-ssh-rsa
- x509v3-rsa2048-sha256
- x509v3-sign-dss
- x509v3-ssh-dss
- ssh-keysign
This tools used in 'Host-Based Authentication' can sign 'host keys' containing either X.509 certificate (ECDSA, RSA or DSA) or 'plain keys'. - ssh-keygen
when user identity contain a X.509 certificate, command:- creates public key and proposed 'SECSH Public Key File Format' for that certificate.
- shows fingerprint of certificate.
- prints CERT RR (resource record) for specified hostname.
- regression tests
Strong. - manual pages
Detailed. - README.x509v3
Brief description of server and client configuration, regression tests, troubleshooting and FAQ.
Get your version from download pages. Gladiator soundtrack rar.
Todo:
Ssh-keygen-g3.exe Download
- to implement wildcards(patterns) for DN in 'authorized keys' and 'known hosts' files;
- to extend 'time limits' with specified time for given revoked certificates.
History:
- Initial
Initial support began from 4 Apr 2002 with version 'a'. Version 'b' issued on 11 Jun 2002 add 'X509 store'. The store is in use in verification process when a certificate is used as user's identity is ssh session. The store allow use of 'distinguished name' in authorized keys file. - Second stage
In this phase certificate support is implemented in other PKIX-SSH executables. For first ssh-keygen support certificates since version 'c' (20 Jun 2002). This version introduce regression tests. Later in version 'd' (30 Jul 2002) support is added to ssh agent.
As result PKIX-SSH support certificates as user identity entirely. - Complete support
Since version 'e' (21 Nov 2002) manual pages are updated with information about X.509 certificate support. As well support for certificates as host key in introduced. As version 'f' (30 Jan 2003) CRL are supported. Because certificate support is complete as version 'f' client prefer algorithms with certificates for host key. - Compatibility
Compatibility phase begin with version 'g' (3 Feb 2003). In version 'g1' (30 Apr 2003) regression test scripts are updated to work well with various shells. Since version 'g2' (12 Jun 2003) public key algorithm 'x509v3-sign-rsa' accept 'sha1' signatures in addition to 'md5' and now PKIX-SSH is interoperable with all major ssh implementations. This version work fine with OpenSSL 0.9.7+. Later in versions 'g3' (25 Feb 2004) and 'g4' (9 Maj 2004) code, documentation and regression test are cleaned up. - Validator
Fifth phase began with OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) support added in version 'h' (6 Apr 2004). Later version schema is changed to more common format with numbers N.N{.N} and next version is 5.1. In version 5.3 compatibility is enhanced to support (in addition to [RFC3279] DSA signatures) format defined for 'ssh-dss' signature. Self issued certificates can be permitted by 'autorized keys' file since version 5.4 if configuration allow this. Correction for OCSP responder location obtained from certificate is added in version 5.4 and OCSP SSL support is enabled in 5.5. - International
Since version 6.0 (7 Aug 2007) PKIX-SSH can deal with 'distinguished name' stored in autorized keys file as UTF-8 string or escaped. Before to compare printable attributes are converted to utf-8. - Integration
Starting from version 7.0 (22 Aug 2011) PKIX-SSH can communicate with other applications by using OpenSSL engines. For instance client could use certificates and keys stored in external devices.
Version 7.1 (15 Jan. 2012) support build with FIPS enabled OpenSSL library and adds direct support of X.509 certificates(RSA) from PKCS11 module. Since this version sha1 is preferred algorithm and programs start to identify as PKIX in comment from ssh identification string.
Build for android host is supported since version 7.2 (22 Apr. 2012). With version 7.5(19 May 2013) 'known hosts' file may contain distinguished name of host X.509 certificate. - Elliptic
Version 8.0 (11 Aug.2014) is first secure shell implementation that support X.509 ECDSA algorithm as defined in [RFC6187] - initially for client and server. It is first version that provides complete tar archive for download. With version 8.2 (23 Nov. 2014) adds support of X.509 ECDSA algorithm in agent. From version 8.4 (1 Jul 2015) EC keys or X.509 certificates stored on external device could be used with loadable cryptographic modules - OpenSSL engines.
Support for FIPS environments is enhanced in version 8.1 (29 Sep. 2014) with fipscheck for 'Red Hat' FIPS validated environment. Version 8.2 (23 Nov. 2014) is successfully tested with Solaris 11.2 FIPS validated OpenSSL module.
Lists with allowed algorithms support patterns since version 8.3 (18 Mart 2015).
Support for EC keys and certificates stored in PKCS#11 tokens is added in version 8.8 (29 Feb 2016). - New OpenSSL API
Starting with version 9.0 code that uses OpenSSL is updated to use OpenSSL API introduced with version 1.1.0. Local accessor functions ensure compatibility with previous versions of cryptographic library. - True RFC6187
Version 10.0 (25 Feb 2017) correctly implements ecdsa X.509 algorithms according RFC6187. This is reason daemon to start to advertise PKIX-SSH release in connections. Also version adds rsa and dss algorithms according RFC6187 as well.
In 10.1 (25 Mar 2017) is implemented adaptive public key algorithm selection functionality. It uses server extension 'publickey-algorithms@roumenpetrov.info' (preferred) or 'server-sig-algs' to find most suitable algorithm for user identity.
With 10.2 (21 May 2017) Android port is considered complete and is packaged as application - SecureBox.
News archives:
Miscellaneous:
- 4 January 2012 (no impact on this project)
- 6 September 2011 (no impact on this project)
- 7 January 2009 (no impact on this project)
- 1.1.1
(no remarks) - 1.1.0
For versions before 1.1.0g see OpenSSL Security Advisory [28 August 2016]. - 1.0.2
To use FIPS enabled OpenSSL 1.0.2 (published on 22 January 2015) or later you must download at least PKIX-SSH version 8.1.
For versions before 1.0.2m see OpenSSL Security Advisory [28 August 2016].
Versions 1.0.2i (see OpenSSL Security Advisory [26 September 2016]) could be used as PKIX-SSH uses custom CRL check, i.e. error in OpenSSL internal CRL check is not activated.
For versions before 1.0.2h see OpenSSL Security Advisory [3 May 2016].
For versions before 1.0.2e see OpenSSL Security Advisory [3 December 2015].
For versions before 1.0.2b see OpenSSL Security Advisory [11 Jun 2015]. Note this version inroduce binary incompatibility corrected with 1.0.2c.
For versions before 1.0.2a see OpenSSL Security Advisory [19 Mart 2015]. - 1.0.1u (last official)
To use FIPS enabled OpenSSL 1.0.1 (published on 14 Mart 2012) or later you must download at least PKIX-SSH version 7.1 of diff.
For versions before 1.0.1t see OpenSSL Security Advisory [3 May 2016].
For versions before 1.0.1q see OpenSSL Security Advisory [3 December 2015].
For versions before 1.0.1n see OpenSSL Security Advisory [11 Jun 2015]. Note this version inroduce binary incompatibility corrected with 1.0.1o.
For versions before 1.0.1m see OpenSSL Security Advisory [19 Mart 2015].
For versions before 1.0.1a see OpenSSL Security Advisory [19 April 2012]. - 1.0.0t (last official)
For OpenSSL 1.0.0 (published on 29 Mart 2010) or later you must download at least version 6.2.1 of diff.
For versions before 1.0.0s see OpenSSL Security Advisory [11 Jun 2015].
For versions before 1.0.0r see OpenSSL Security Advisory [19 Mart 2015].
For versions before 1.0.0i see OpenSSL Security Advisory [19 April 2012]. - 0.9.8zh (last official)
For versions before 0.9.8zg see OpenSSL Security Advisory [11 Jun 2015].
For versions before 0.9.8zf see OpenSSL Security Advisory [19 Mart 2015].
For versions before 0.9.8v see OpenSSL Security Advisory [24 April 2012].
For versions before 0.9.8k see OpenSSL Security Advisory [25 Mart 2009].
For versions before 0.9.8d see OpenSSL Security Advisory [28 September 2006].
For versions before 0.9.8c see OpenSSL Security Advisory [5 September 2006]. - 0.9.7m (last official)+security patches (its use is discouraged)
For versions before 0.9.7l see OpenSSL Security Advisory [28 September 2006].
For versions before 0.9.7k see OpenSSL Security Advisory [5 September 2006].
For versions before 0.9.7c see OpenSSL Security Advisory [30 July 2002] 0.9.6m (last official)+security patches (support removed in PKIX-SSH 8.2)
First vulnerability in 'ASN.1 Denial of Service Attacks' from OpenSSL Security Advisory [28 September 2006] don't affect 0.9.6 versions but the second one may affect all 0.9.6 versions.
For all 0.9.6 versions see OpenSSL Security Advisory [5 September 2006].
For versions before 0.9.6k see OpenSSL Security Advisory [30 July 2002].
For version 0.9.6i see this mail.
For versions 0.9.6h+ see X509_NAME_cmp below in document.- X509_NAME_cmp
Method X509_NAME_cmp is changed first in 0.9.7beta4.
This method remain without modification in betas:0.9.7beta5/6 and in stable 0.9.7+ too.
Stable OpenSSL versions 0.9.6h+ contain same method.
Changed method conform with [RFC2459] specification when compare attribute values in PrintableString and IA5String format. This method check type of attributes and when attributes has diffrent types return code is nonzero, i.e. different X509_NAME. O-o-o-p-s-s-s. What happen when one attribute is PrintableString in the first certificate and same attribute is TeletexString in the second? When atribute, as example CN (common name), in a certificate contain as example underscore '_' OpenSSL use type TeletexString but Microsoft Windows implementation treat this incorrectly as PrintableString. Problem is also when a certificate contain atribute as TeletexString 'Windows Keystore' convert (!!!!) this attribute to PrintableString. As result client who use that certificate from 'Windows Keystore' cannot connect to server using these OpenSSL libraries.
This method affect all version of 'X.509 certificates support in OpenSSH' before version 'f'. Since version 'f' X.509 certificates support in OpenSSH is not affected because contains own method to compare two X509_NAMEs.
ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts the authentication keys (private and public keys) used by SSH. You can generate both RSA and DSA keys. You can also generate Diffie-Hellman groups.
1. Create RSA Keys
Mac os catalina on macbook pro 2013. This is the default behaviour of ssh-keygen without any parameters. By default it creates RSA keypair, stores key under ~/.ssh directory. Note that the file name it created was id_rsa for private key and id_rsa.pub for public key.
2. Create DSA keys
To create DSA key, pass -t dsa as an argument.
Please note that it still stores the keys under ~/.ssh directory. But now the file name it created was id_dsa for private key and id_dsa.pub for public key.
3. Specify Key Filename and Location
If you don't want to store the key files under the default location use the -f option. Apart from storing it in a different directory, you can also specify your own name for the key files.
The following example will store the key files under /root directory. The name of the files will be my-key for private key, and my-key.pub for public key.
4. Specify Custom Comment to the Keys
By default, the keys generated will have 'username@hostname' as comment. In all the above example, you can see 'root@devdb' as the comment.
Mbox 2 driver for mac. The following example will generate the RSA keys with the comment specified.
5. Convert SSH keys to Different Format
By default the keys generated by ssh-keygen will be used by the OpenSSH implementation. But, if you want to convert those keys to SSH comercial implementations (for example: SSH2), use the -e option as shown below.
You can use the following to specify the file and store the output to a different file.
6. Search Known Hosts File
You can also use ssh-keygen to search for keys in the ~/.ssh/known_hosts files. This is helpful when you have lot of entries in the known_hosts file.
The following output indicates that it found the entry for 'dev-db' in the known-hosts file at line#10.
7. Display the Public Key for given Private
https://instashare144torrentkorean.peatix.com. The following example will display the public key for the default /root/.ssh/id_rsa private key.
You can also specify the priviate key using -f option. In this example, it will display the public key for ~/.ssh/id_dsa private key.
